Author Guidelines

1.1 Online Submissions

Manuscripts are selected on the basis of the quality, breadth, and originality of the topic covered and its relevance to the focus of the journal. The journal does not accept manuscripts that have been published elsewhere.

Only two files should be submitted:

1.   Manuscript: submitted without the authors' names, affiliations, or biographies. It should not exceed 20 pages, including footnotes.

2.   Cover page: includes the manuscript title, the authors' names and affiliations, and the corresponding author's contact details (full postal and e-mail address, phone and fax numbers).

Only one submission per author will be under consideration at any given time.

New authors should first register for an account; returning authors should log in to begin the submission process.

Learn about the publication process and how to submit your manuscript. If you have not registered yet, please click on: Register. After successfully registering, you should have a username and password. If you already have a username and password, please Login.

1.2 Font and Formatting

All spelling must follow American English conventions. British or Commonwealth spellings should be converted to their American equivalents; consult the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary as needed.

Use the following formatting for each part of the manuscript:

Element	Formatting
Title	14-pt Times New Roman, bold, Heading 1 style, left-aligned
Author name	10-pt Times New Roman, bold
Corresponding author	10-pt Times New Roman, bold
Abstract	10-pt Times New Roman, justified; 0 pt before / 10 pt after paragraph spacing; single line spacing; no special indent
Introduction (body text)	12-pt Times New Roman, single-spaced, justified, single column; 0 pt before / 10 pt after paragraph spacing; no special indent
Tables	10-pt Times New Roman, numbered from 1

Manuscripts should be organized in the following sequence: title page, abstract, keywords, introduction, materials and methods, results, conclusion, conflict of interest, acknowledgments (optional), and references.

2.1 Title Page

The title page should contain only the following elements:

•      Title. Bold-faced, in title case, centered on the page. Abbreviations are not permitted in the title. The title should describe the study's content precisely and concisely, since it is the reader's first point of contact with the paper and should be clear enough to help readers decide whether to continue to the abstract.

•      Author list. Full names of all authors, including family name.

•      Affiliation and e-mail (optional). Each author's institution, city, postal code, and country.

•      Identifiers. First name, initials (if any), last name, e-mail address, and ORCID iD for every author.

•      Corresponding author. Marked with the label “Corresponding author” at the start of their affiliation line.

Example title page format:

Title of the Manuscript 1) Author Name Corresponding author, Assistant Professor, EuroMid Academy of Business and Technology, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: contact@euromidpress.com

Notes:

•      Professional titles (e.g., Doctor, Engineer) should not be included.

•      Affiliation format: academic rank, department, faculty, university, city, country, e-mail. For example, “Associate Professor, Faculty of Religion, University of Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain. E-mail: abcd@abcdf.edu.”

2.2 Abstract

An abstract is required for all article types. It should be a single paragraph, without subsections, of no more than 300 words, placed after the title page. The abstract should be free of references and abbreviations, and should summarize the study's pertinent results clearly and concisely.

2.3 Keywords

List up to six keywords immediately after the abstract that best describe the content of the research. The word “Keywords” should appear in bold, followed by a colon; each keyword should begin with a capital letter and be separated by commas. Authors are encouraged to draw keywords from the UNESCO Thesaurus or another relevant discipline-specific thesaurus.

2.4 Document Types

Type	Description
Article	Original research or opinion.
Editorial	Summary of several articles, or editorial opinion and news.
Erratum	Report of an error, correction, or retraction of a previously published paper.
Letter	Letter to, or correspondence with, the editor.
Note	Brief note, discussion, or commentary.
Review	Substantial review of original research; includes conference papers.
Short survey	Short or mini-review of original research.

State the document type directly beneath the title page, for example:

•      Document type: Article

•      Document type: Review

2.5 Introduction

The introduction provides the context and background needed for a non-specialist reader to understand the question being addressed and why it matters. It should:

a)   present the nature and scope of the problem investigated;

b)   provide sufficient background to orient the reader and justify the study, reviewing the literature relevant to the problem;

c)   state the reason for the study and how it relates to or differs from previous work; and

d)   state the goals, objectives, and method of the investigation.

The introduction should establish the study's background, explain its motivation, and specify the hypotheses being tested. Extensive discussion of the literature belongs in the discussion of results, not here.

2.6 Materials and Methods

This section should report all materials used and methods followed, with enough procedural detail, both methodological and statistical, that another competent researcher could reproduce the experiment. A clear description of the experimental design and analytical approach is essential to the credibility of the work, since scientific findings must be reproducible.

Include essential detail on experimental design and statistical analysis. Provide a clear description or original reference for every biological, analytical, and statistical procedure used, and explain any modifications to established procedures. Treatments, measurements, and statistical models should all be described clearly and completely.

2.7 Results

The results section presents the study's findings and is often considered the core of the paper. Its purpose is to report the data and observations clearly, generally without interpreting their significance or drawing conclusions, which belong in the discussion. Findings should be reported in the past tense, in paragraph form, and kept separate from the discussion. Numerical results are best presented in tables rather than repeated at length in the text; where tables or figures are used, the author should still provide a brief interpretive explanation of what each one shows.

All tables and figures must be referenced in the text (e.g., “(Table 1)” or “(Figure 1)”) and must:

•      include a brief one- or two-sentence description;

•      be numbered consecutively, in the order they appear in the text (tables and figures are numbered separately);

•      be clearly and appropriately labeled;

•      be formatted to stand alone; and

•      carry a caption or title describing their contents, along with legends, axis and column labels, and units as needed.

Statistical methods used to analyze the data should be pertinent and clearly explained, and any problems encountered during data collection may be noted here.

2.8 Conclusion

The conclusion summarizes the study's findings and their implications: what the new information means and how it might be used going forward. It should restate the study's primary goal and hypothesis, and state plainly whether the results confirm or refute that hypothesis, noting if refuted whether error or bias may have affected the outcome. Authors should never claim a hypothesis is “correct,” “true,” or “proven”; only that it is confirmed or refuted.

The conclusion should restate the study's objectives, note how they were achieved, and offer a general assessment of the experiment's success. The closing paragraph should return to the paper's initial subject matter, and authors are encouraged to suggest directions for future research or improvement.

2.9 Conflict of Interest

The corresponding author must inform the editor of any potential conflicts of interest that could influence the interpretation of the data.

2.10 Acknowledgments (Optional)

A brief, optional section recognizing individuals or organizations that made a significant contribution to the research or manuscript, for example by providing access to equipment or field sites or by assisting with editing, but who do not meet the criteria for authorship.

2.11 References

The journal follows APA style for references, placed after the acknowledgments at the end of the text. Only the first word of a cited title should be capitalized; journal names should be given in full and set in italics. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of their references. Personal communications (e.g., e-mails), conference papers, and other unpublished work may be cited, provided the author supplies a letter of permission for any cited e-mail communications and, where relevant, makes copies available to the editors.

To reduce the risk of authors identifying themselves through self-citation during peer review:

e)   Avoid the first person in citations. Write “As Jackson (2019) has shown…” rather than “As we have shown (Jackson, 2019)…”

f)    Remove references to your own unpublished or in-press work except where essential; where necessary, cite as “Author, in press” and omit it from the reference list.

g)   Avoid references that implicitly identify the author, such as mentioning a specific grant project.

h)   Avoid excessive self-citation. A string of citations such as “Wilson (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019)…” is a strong signal of authorship.

i)    More generally, consider whether the writing could identify you to an expert reader, and adjust accordingly.

2.12 Illustrations: Tables and Figures

Tables and figures should be embedded within the text and cited as “Table 1,” “Table 2,” etc., or “Figure 1,” “Figure 2,” etc.

Tables: numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in the order cited, with a brief descriptive title at the top and any essential footnotes below. Tables should be formatted consistently and sized close to their intended published dimensions.

Figures: numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, with a brief descriptive title placed above and essential footnotes below. Lettering should be of professional quality or produced with high-resolution computer graphics, and large enough to read clearly. Diagrams should be saved as .jpg or .gif files.

2.13 Footnotes

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, set in Times New Roman 9 (Word's default of 10pt should be adjusted). Endnotes should be converted to footnotes before submission.

2.14 Symbols and Variables

All variables and symbols should be defined at their first point of use in the text.

2.15 Copyright and Permissions

The copyright of manuscripts accepted for publication rests with the author(s) under a CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license. Authors retain copyright ownership while permitting any user to download, print, extract, reuse, archive, and distribute the article, provided appropriate credit is given to the authors and the original source. This ensures the widest possible availability of the article and its eligibility for inclusion in scientific archives.

2.16 Plagiarism

The journal applies the terms and conditions set out by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) regarding plagiarism. Any credible allegation of plagiarism, supported by convincing evidence, is handled according to COPE's established flowcharts and workflows, in adherence to the COPE Core Practices and Best Practice Guidelines. This policy should be read alongside the journal's guidelines for authors and reviewers.

JRBF maintains a robust process, led by specialized experts, to detect and prevent misconduct and to ensure that published manuscripts are original, reliable, and methodologically sound. All submitted manuscripts must be original and not under consideration elsewhere.

2.17 Revisions

If a manuscript requires revision, authors should prepare and upload the following files:

•      Author response letter: a detailed, point-by-point response to each editor and reviewer comment. Where the authors disagree with a comment, a polite and objective rebuttal should be provided.

•      Revised manuscript (tracked changes): a marked-up copy showing all modifications made.

•      Revised manuscript (clean copy): an unmarked copy of the revised text.

2.18 After Acceptance

•      Editorial office check. The paper is reviewed by the editorial office to confirm it is ready for production; authors may be contacted if updates are needed, after which the paper proceeds to the production team.

•      Publishing license and payment. The corresponding author is contacted to sign a publishing license and pay the Article Processing Charge.

•      Proofs. The corresponding author receives proofs for approval before typesetting and should check them carefully. Proofs must be returned within 7 working days of receipt.

To qualify for authorship, a contributor must meet all of the following criteria:

3.   Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the work, or to the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; and

4.   Drafting the work or critically reviewing it for important intellectual content; and

5.   Final approval of the version to be published; and

6.   Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work, ensuring that questions about its accuracy or integrity are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Authors should carefully finalize the list and order of authors before submission. Contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the acknowledgments instead.

Any addition, deletion, or reordering of authors may occur only before acceptance and requires the Editor-in-Chief's approval. To request such a change, the corresponding author must provide the Editor-in-Chief with a rationale for the revised author list and written confirmation (e-mail or letter) from all authors that they agree to the change.

3.1 Use of Artificial Intelligence

The journal follows COPE guidance on the use of generative AI in manuscript preparation. AI tools may not be listed as an author or co-author of a submitted manuscript: as non-legal entities, they cannot take responsibility for the work, assert conflicts of interest, or manage copyright and licensing.

Authors who use AI tools in writing the manuscript, producing images or graphical elements, or collecting and analyzing data must disclose this transparently in the Materials and Methods section (or equivalent), specifying which tool was used and how. Authors remain fully responsible for all content in the manuscript, including any AI-generated portions, and are liable for any resulting breach of publication ethics.

4.1 Long-Term Digital Preservation

The journal is committed to the long-term preservation of all published content and partners with the following digital archive providers:

•      CLOCKSS

•      Portico

•      PKP Preservation Network

4.2 Deposit Policy

Authors are encouraged to deposit the final published PDF in any of the following locations, with a link back to the article's URL on the journal's website:

•      A public eprint server

•      A non-profit server

•      A personal website

•      A company or institutional repository

4.3 Prior Publication Policy

The journal follows COPE guidelines on redundant publication and considers only original work that has not previously been published, in any language. The following are not treated as prior publication:

Preprints.

Authors may share their work on preprint servers or repositories before and during peer review, provided the platform places no restrictions on the author's copyright or reuse rights. Upon publication, any pre-publication version should be updated with a link to the final article, and the final version may be made publicly available immediately. Authors are asked to list the preprint in the acknowledgments and cite it fully in the reference list.

Conference proceedings and abstracts.

A manuscript based on a conference paper must be substantially expanded, with new results, datasets, or analyses not present in the original, to be considered for publication; as a general guideline, at least 30% of the manuscript should be new material. Authors must obtain permission to reuse the conference paper if they do not hold its copyright, and should cite it in the acknowledgments.

Theses and dissertations.

Content that first appeared in an author's thesis or dissertation is not treated as prior publication provided it has only appeared in the thesis, complies with the author's university policies, and is accessible through the university's repository or another recognized archive. Authors should note the thesis in the acknowledgments and cite it in the reference list.

4.4 Correction Policy

Minor corrections that do not affect the scientific understanding of the paper, such as formatting, typographical errors, or wording preferences, may be declined if submitted after publication. In all cases, a correction notice is issued as soon as possible; the exact procedure depends on the article's publication stage:

•      Online First. JRBF will consider replacing the Online First version with a corrected version, together with a correction notice at the end of the article noting the changes made and their date(s).

•      Published in an issue. A correction notice is released in the next available electronic and print issue, and the online article links to it.

4.5 Retraction Policy

Retractions are considered by the journal's editors where there is evidence of unreliable data or findings, plagiarism, duplicate publication, or unethical research. Every retraction notice explains the reason for retraction and is published in the next available electronic and print issue. Editors will consider retracting a publication if:

•      The findings are unreliable due to major error, fabrication, or falsification;

•      It constitutes plagiarism;

•      The findings have been published elsewhere without proper attribution, disclosure, permission, or justification;

•      It contains material or data used without authorization;

•      Copyright has been infringed, or another serious legal issue applies (e.g., libel, privacy);

•      It reports unethical research;

•      It was published on the basis of a compromised or manipulated peer-review process; or

•      The authors failed to disclose a major competing interest that would have affected the editors' or reviewers' interpretation of the work.

4.6 Supplementary Material

Authors may include supplementary materials, such as applications, images, or videos, alongside the article. Supplementary material is published exactly as submitted, so a concise, descriptive caption should accompany each file. Any modifications should be submitted as an updated file.

4.7 Advertisement Policy

The journal does not currently accept advertising in its articles or on its website.

4.8 Conflicts of Interest

All authors must disclose any financial or personal relationships that could be viewed as inappropriately influencing their work, including employment, consultancies, stock ownership, paid expert testimony, patent applications or registrations, and grants or other funding.

5.1 Appeals

Authors may appeal a rejection decision if they believe it resulted from (i) a major misunderstanding of a technical aspect of the manuscript, or (ii) a failure to recognize the scientific advance the manuscript represents. Appeals lacking sufficient justification will not be considered.

To appeal, contact the Managing Editor by e-mail within three months of the decision date, quoting the manuscript number. Only the original submitting author may appeal. The Managing Editor forwards the manuscript and relevant materials to a designated Editorial Board Member, who recommends acceptance, further peer review, or upholding the rejection; the Editor-in-Chief then makes a final decision based on that recommendation. A rejection upheld at this stage is final and cannot be reversed.

5.2 Complaints

The journal welcomes complaints as an opportunity to improve, and addresses:

•      Complaints about scientific content

•      Complaints about editorial or review processes

•      Complaints about publication ethics

Complaints should first be directed to the Editor-in-Chief; if the complaint concerns the Editor-in-Chief, contact the Managing Editor instead, who will refer the matter to a designated Editorial Board Member. All complaints are acknowledged within 5 working days (if by e-mail). A definitive response is provided within 4 weeks where possible; otherwise, an interim response is issued within 4 weeks and repeated until the matter is resolved.

The journal endorses The FAIR Data Principles and encourages authors to make research data, including raw and processed data, software, algorithms, protocols, methods, and materials, findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable wherever ethically and legally feasible. Subject to appropriate ethical and legal considerations, authors are encouraged to:

•      Share the research data supporting their results in a relevant public data repository;

•      Provide a data availability statement linking to the data and describing how it can be accessed, or explaining why sharing is not possible; and

•      Cite the data in the manuscript, including a persistent identifier such as a DOI or accession number.

6.1 Data Availability Statement

Authors submitting under a data-sharing policy will be prompted to provide a data availability statement describing where the associated research data can be found and under what conditions it may be accessed, including links to the dataset where applicable.

Before submitting, please confirm that:

•      The submission has not been previously published and is not under consideration elsewhere (or an explanation has been provided in the Comments to the Editor).

•      The submission file is in Microsoft Word format, prepared using JRBF's document template.

•      The text is in English and follows the formatting requirements set out in these Author Guidelines.

•      Conflicts of interest, involving yourself or your co-authors, have been declared in the “Comments for the Editor” field (or a statement confirming there are none).

•      An author biography (optional) has been added, where desired.

•      A data availability statement has been provided, if submitting under a data-sharing policy.

•      The copyright and license agreement has been read and understood.

7.1 Copyright Notice

JRBF applies the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to published articles. Authors retain copyright while permitting anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, or copy the content, provided the original authors and source are credited. This is typically satisfied simply by citing the original article.

7.2 Privacy Statement

Names and e-mail addresses submitted to this journal site are used exclusively for the journal's stated purposes and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party. Personal information is used only to enable access to the site's services and to process and publish manuscripts.

Questions about this privacy policy may be sent to contact@euromidpress.com